Appendix:Old Prussian Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A user has added this appendix to requests for deletion(+).
Please see that page for discussion and justifications beyond the initial comment of: “not Old Prussian but (re-)constructed Old Prussian AKA Neo-Prussian”. You may continue to edit this appendix while the discussion proceeds, but please mention significant edits at the RFD discussion and ensure that the intention of votes already cast is not left unclear. Do not remove the {{rfd}} until the debate has finished.

This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Prussian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
No. English Old Prussian
1 I as
2 you (singular)
3 he tāns
4 we mes
5 you jūs
6 they tenei
7 this šis
8 that stas
9 here stwi
10 there stwen
11 who kas
12 what kawīds
13 where kwēi
14 when kadan
15 how kāi
16 not ni
17 all wisāi
18 many tūlan
19 some deli
20 few mazzan kas
21 other kitan
22 one ains
23 two dwai
24 three trijan
25 four keturjāi
26 five pēnkjāi
27 big debīkan
28 long ilgāi
29 wide platus
30 thick stārs
31 heavy brendus
32 small līkuts
33 short īnsan
34 narrow anzuks
35 thin lāils
36 woman wīrina, gena
37 man
(adult| male)
wīrikan
38 man
(human being)
zmānenawins
39 child mālnīks, mālnīkiks
40 wife gena
41 husband wīrs
42 mother mūti, muti, mothe
43 father tāws
44 animal zwērins
45 fish zuks
46 bird pipelis
47 dog sunis
48 louse uts
49 snake angis
50 worm kīrmis
51 tree garrjan
52 forest medjan
53 stick
(of wood)
lagzdē
54 fruit wēisis
55 seed sēmen
56 leaf lapan
57 root saknis
58 bark
(of tree)
sakstis
59 flower kwēitis
60 grass zālīs
61 rope wīrbē
62 skin
(of a person)
skārdā
63 meat
(as in flesh)
mēnsā
64 blood krāujā
65 bone kaūlan
66 fat
(noun)
taūks
67 egg pāuts
68 horn ragis
69 tail stags
70 feather plāugzdā
71 hair skebeljāi
72 head galwā
73 ear ausins
74 eye akīs
75 nose nozy
76 mouth austa
77 tooth
(rather not molar)
dantis
78 tongue inzuwis
79 fingernail nagutīs
80 foot pēdā
81 leg aulinis
82 knee klupstis
83 hand rānkā
84 wing skreīlīs
85 belly wēdērs
86 guts tulawārtis
87 neck winzus
88 back ritiznan
89 breast kreklan
90 heart sēris
91 liver jakna
92 to drink pōtwēi
93 to eat ēstwen
94 to bite aukanstun
95 to suck dītun, dastun
96 to spit wemtweī
97 to vomit sjaūtweī
98 to blow
(as wind)
dumtwei
99 to breathe dwestwei
100 to laugh smeītun si
101 to see wīdātun
102 to hear kīrdītun, klausītun
103 to know
(a fact)
waīstun
104 to think pamēritwei, mēritwei
105 to smell wōstun, smīrdītwei
106 to fear bijāsnan
107 to sleep gulētun
108 to live gijwans
109 to die aulaut
110 to kill galīntun
111 to fight wālint
112 to hunt medjānē
113 to hit bruktēt
114 to cut wartint
115 to split spīltun
116 to stab
(or stick)
bādīnt
117 to scratch
(an itch)
kīrptun, glāubtun, grāmbintun
118 to dig kaptun
119 to swim plūtwei
120 to fly skrāistwei, skrītwei, langītwei
121 to walk eit, zengt
122 to come perēitwei
123 to lie
(as in a bed)
mēntitun (action), lānzītwei "(state)"
124 to sit sīstwei (action), sīndītwei "(state)"
125 to stand stātwei (action), stalītwei "(state)"
126 to turn
(intransitive)
līnkis, wartīntun, grānztun
127 to fall krūtwei, wīrstwei, grustwei
128 to give dātwei
129 to hold lāikāitē
130 to squeeze glabtun, gnestun, niettrepewīngis
131 to rub tirtun
132 to wash aumūtun, mūtun
133 to wipe klekstātun, skistīntun
134 to pull tēnstun, wīlktun
135 to push brjaūtun, pistun
136 to throw mestun
137 to tie ristun, sēitun
138 to sew šūtun
139 to count gīrbautun, skaitātun
140 to say gērdautun, waitjātwei, tarītun
141 to sing gremtun
142 to play spīlitun
143 to float plaudīntun
144 to flow tektwei, bēgtwei
145 to freeze saltwei
146 to swell belztwei, pabelztwei
147 sun saūlē
148 moon mēniks
149 star lāuksnā
150 water wundan
151 rain aglō
152 river ape
153 lake assaran
154 sea jūrjāi
155 salt sālis
156 stone stabs
157 sand zigzdā, zwīrkstan
158 dust pūslē
159 earth zemē
160 cloud wupyan
161 fog migla
162 sky dāngus
163 wind wētra
164 snow snāigs
165 ice leds
166 smoke dūms
167 fire pannō
168 ash pelanē
169 to burn degtwei
170 road pints
171 mountain grabis
172 red wārmis
173 green zaljan
174 yellow gēltāinan
175 white gaīls
176 black kīrsnan
177 night naktis
178 day
(daytime)
deinan
179 year meta, metan
180 warm tappis
181 cold saltan
182 full pilnan
183 new nāuns, mālds
184 old wārs
185 good labs
186 bad wārgs, pawārgewingisks
187 rotten puwwuns
188 dirty mēlins
189 straight entìkriskai
190 round skrits, ebskrits
191 sharp
(as a knife)
astars
192 dull
(as a knife)
kams
193 smooth līgus, izlīgintun
194 wet mārks
195 dry sāuss
196 correct tikkars, tikrōmisks, arwiskai
197 near taūwu, pagār, taūws
198 far tāli, tāls, etāliskan
199 right
(side)
tikrā
200 left
(side)
kāirā
201 at prēi
202 in ēn
203 with sa, san
204 and be
205 if ik, ikkai
206 because begi, paggan, kaddan gi, stesse paggan
207 name wīrdan, ēmens, ēmen, wirdan
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)