استخدام

Arabic

Root
خ د م (ḵ-d-m)

Etymology

From the root خ د م (ḵ-d-m), from اِسْتَخْدَمَ (istaḵdama).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /is.tix.daːm/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

اِسْتِخْدَام • (istiḵdām) m (plural اِسْتِخْدَامَات (istiḵdāmāt))

1. verbal noun of اِسْتَخْدَمَ (istaḵdama) (form X)
2. use

   Synonym: اِسْتِعْمَال (istiʕmāl)

3. making use of or hiring one's services
4. looking out for work or service

Declension

Declension of noun اِسْتِخْدَام (istiḵdām)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	اِسْتِخْدَام istiḵdām	الِاسْتِخْدَام al-istiḵdām	اِسْتِخْدَام istiḵdām
Nominative	اِسْتِخْدَامٌ istiḵdāmun	الِاسْتِخْدَامُ al-istiḵdāmu	اِسْتِخْدَامُ istiḵdāmu
Accusative	اِسْتِخْدَامًا istiḵdāman	الِاسْتِخْدَامَ al-istiḵdāma	اِسْتِخْدَامَ istiḵdāma
Genitive	اِسْتِخْدَامٍ istiḵdāmin	الِاسْتِخْدَامِ al-istiḵdāmi	اِسْتِخْدَامِ istiḵdāmi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	اِسْتِخْدَامَيْن istiḵdāmayn	الِاسْتِخْدَامَيْن al-istiḵdāmayn	اِسْتِخْدَامَيْ istiḵdāmay
Nominative	اِسْتِخْدَامَانِ istiḵdāmāni	الِاسْتِخْدَامَانِ al-istiḵdāmāni	اِسْتِخْدَامَا istiḵdāmā
Accusative	اِسْتِخْدَامَيْنِ istiḵdāmayni	الِاسْتِخْدَامَيْنِ al-istiḵdāmayni	اِسْتِخْدَامَيْ istiḵdāmay
Genitive	اِسْتِخْدَامَيْنِ istiḵdāmayni	الِاسْتِخْدَامَيْنِ al-istiḵdāmayni	اِسْتِخْدَامَيْ istiḵdāmay
Plural	sound feminine plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	اِسْتِخْدَامَات istiḵdāmāt	الِاسْتِخْدَامَات al-istiḵdāmāt	اِسْتِخْدَامَات istiḵdāmāt
Nominative	اِسْتِخْدَامَاتٌ istiḵdāmātun	الِاسْتِخْدَامَاتُ al-istiḵdāmātu	اِسْتِخْدَامَاتُ istiḵdāmātu
Accusative	اِسْتِخْدَامَاتٍ istiḵdāmātin	الِاسْتِخْدَامَاتِ al-istiḵdāmāti	اِسْتِخْدَامَاتِ istiḵdāmāti
Genitive	اِسْتِخْدَامَاتٍ istiḵdāmātin	الِاسْتِخْدَامَاتِ al-istiḵdāmāti	اِسْتِخْدَامَاتِ istiḵdāmāti

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: istixdam
• → Persian: استخدام
• → Ottoman Turkish: استخدام (istihdâm)
  • → Turkish: istihdam

References

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “استخدام”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[1], London: W.H. Allen
• Wehr, Hans (1979) “خير”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

Pashto

Etymology

From Arabic اِسْتِخْدَام (istiḵdām).

Noun

استخدام • (estexdām) m

1. employment

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic اِسْتِخْدَام (istiḵdām).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ʔis.tix.ˈdɑːm]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔɪs.t̪ʰɪx.d̪ɑ́ːm]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔɪs.t̪ʰɪx.d̪ɑ́ːm]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ʔɪs.t̪ʰɪx.d̪ɑ́ːm]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ʔis.t̪ʰix.d̪ɔ́ːm]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔes.t̪ʰex.d̪ɒ́ːm]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔis.t̪ʰiχ.d̪ɔ́m]

Readings
Classical reading?	istixdām
Dari reading?	istixdām
Iranian reading?	estexdâm
Tajik reading?	istixdom

Noun

Dari	اِسْتِخدام
Iranian Persian
Tajik	истихдом

استخدام • (estexdâm)

1. employment

   قرارداد استخدام ― qarârdâd-e estexdâm ― employment contract

Derived terms

• استخدام شدن (estexdâm šodan, “to be employed”)
• استخدام کردن (estexdâm kardan, “to employ”)

 

South Levantine Arabic

Root
خ د م
5 terms

Etymology

From Arabic اِسْتِخْدَام (istiḵdām). Equivalent to the verbal noun of استخدم (istaḵdam, “to use”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /is.tix.daːm/, [ɪs.tɪxˈdæːm]

• Audio (Ramallah):

  (file)

Noun

استخدام • (istiḵdām) m

1. use, usage

   Synonym: استعمال (istiʕmāl)